不同脂肪源饲料对洛氏鱥生长及消化酶和蛋白质代谢酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨饲料中不同脂肪源对洛氏鱥(Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski)生长及消化酶和蛋白质代谢酶活性的影响。【方法】以初始体质量为(15.68±0.30) g/尾的洛氏鱥幼鱼为研究对象,在基础饲料中分别添加4.42%的玉米油、豆油、鱼油、棕榈油、猪油、混合油(质量比为:鱼油∶豆油∶猪油=3∶4∶3),配制成6种等氮等脂的试验饲料,进行为期8周的饲养试验。饲养试验结束后,测定洛氏鱥生长性能指标,肌肉中主要营养成分,蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶、谷草转氨酶以及谷丙转氨酶的活力。【结果】混合油组洛氏鱥的终末体质量显著高于豆油、棕榈油及猪油组(P0.05),但与玉米油组和鱼油组差异不显著(P0.05);混合油组洛氏鱥的饲料效率、蛋白质效率及蛋白质沉积率显著高于棕榈油及猪油组(P0.05),但与玉米油、豆油及鱼油组差异不显著(P0.05)。混合油组和鱼油组洛氏鱥肌肉中的粗蛋白质含量显著高于玉米油、豆油、棕榈油及猪油组(P0.05);猪油组洛氏鱥肌肉中的粗脂肪含量显著高于鱼油组(P0.05)。混合油组洛氏鱥肝胰脏、前肠及中肠的蛋白酶活性与鱼油组差异不显著(P0.05),但二者均显著高于猪油组(P0.05);混合油组洛氏鱥后肠蛋白酶活性显著高于豆油、玉米油、猪油以及棕榈油组(P0.05)。混合油组洛氏鱥肝胰脏的脂肪酶活力显著高于棕榈油组(P0.05);混合油、鱼油和玉米油组洛氏鱥中肠的脂肪酶活力差异不显著(P0.05),但均显著高于豆油、猪油及棕榈油组(P0.05)。不同脂肪源饲料对洛氏鱥肝胰脏、前肠、中肠及后肠的淀粉酶活力无显著影响(P0.05)。混合油组和鱼油组洛氏鱥肝胰脏谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力显著高于猪油组和棕榈油组(P0.05)。【结论】从洛氏鱥生长性能及消化代谢角度来看,混合油组和鱼油组饲料的效果最好,玉米油、豆油和棕榈油组次之,猪油组最差。     

烤烟成熟期淀粉代谢关键酶活性与基因表达研究

【目的】探讨烤烟成熟期淀粉积累状况与淀粉代谢关键酶活性及其基因表达的关系,明确烤烟成熟期淀粉代谢的分子调控机制,为优质烟叶生产提供理论依据。【方法】以不同淀粉积累型烤烟品种秦烟96和豫烟6号为材料,测定成熟期烟叶淀粉含量及比例(直链淀粉、支链淀粉)和淀粉代谢关键酶活性,并对其关键酶基因(NtAGPase、NtGBSSⅠ、NtSSS、NtSBE、NtDBE、Ntα-amylase和Ntβ-amylase)进行实时荧光定量PCR分析。【结果】在烤烟发育成熟期,烟叶淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,烟叶生理成熟期(移栽后85 d)其含量最高;随着烟叶的成熟,烟叶中支链淀粉所占比例逐渐增加。烤烟成熟期AGPase、GBSSⅠ、SSS、SBE和DBE活性呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,而烟叶淀粉酶活性则随着烟叶的成熟先降低后升高,烟叶过熟时其活性显著升高;与烟叶淀粉代谢关键酶活性变化趋势不同,其相关基因表达量变化差异较大。烟叶打顶至适熟阶段,AGPase和GBSSⅠ活性与烟叶直链淀粉含量相关性显著,对烟叶直链淀粉的积累贡献最大,NtGBSSⅠ对直链淀粉代谢起主要调控作用;SSS、SBE和DBE活性对烟叶支链淀粉积累起重要作用,NtSBE和NtDBE对烟叶支链淀粉代谢起主要调控作用。当烟叶由适熟至过熟时,淀粉酶(α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶)主要参与烟叶的淀粉代谢活动。同一生态环境和栽培条件下,秦烟96淀粉积累较多,具有较高的支链淀粉比例。【结论】烤烟碳水化合物积累以淀粉为主,AGPase和GBSSⅠ是影响直链淀粉积累的关键酶,SSS、SBE和DBE对支链淀粉积累有重要作用,SBE和DBE活性的差异可能是造成烟叶直链淀粉与支链淀粉比值不同的重要原因。     

外源油菜素内酯处理对‘美乐’葡萄果实糖代谢的影响

以酿酒葡萄'美乐'为试材,于花后8周对其果实喷施不同浓度(0.2、0.4、0.6 mg.L-1)油菜素内酯(2,4-表油菜素内酯,EBR)溶液,以喷施等量蒸馏水为对照,研究EBR对果实成熟过程中糖组分、糖代谢关键酶及相关基因表达的影响.0.6 mg·L-1 EBR处理促进了果实发育过程中葡萄糖和果糖的积累,花后104 ...     

基于物理化学调控方法的水分时空分布试验

利用室内人工降雨试验,采用3因素3水平正交试验设计方案,研究物理化学调控方法实施情况下坡面土体中水分的时空分布状况。结果表明,物理调控方法可以调节降雨在坡面上的空间分布状况,在同一坡度条件下,面积比为1:2和1:1的处理的湿润锋尾部变化梯度及湿润锋深度均大于面积比为0:3的处理,且湿润锋分布的均匀程度较高。文中使用的入渗率计算公式可真实反映沿坡面各点的入渗率变化过程,入渗量计算公式可计算出降雨入渗量,且精度较高。化学调控方法由于能够维持土壤的物理结构,可以提高土壤的早期降雨入渗率,并增加入渗区上部的降雨入渗量,进而缩小坡面各点的水分分布差异。物理化学调控方法在坡面上配合使用可以提高降雨利用率,但其实际应用效果仍需进一步研究。     

豫西山丘区构建径流聚集工程体系研究

通过对豫西土石山区的汝阳县和黄土丘陵区的嵩县历年开展雨水水土保持调控工程的调研,提出了在豫西山丘区构建以水平梯田、隔坡梯田、水窖（池）为主要措施的坡面径流调控工程和以集流坝为主要措施的沟道径流调控工程以及山泉溪流开发工程等综合性的降雨径流聚集工程体系,目的在于有效缓解豫西山丘区水资源缺乏、雨季降水多以山洪形式流失、雨水资源利用率低下等问题。     

Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation in all‐plant protein diets on growth,antioxidant capacity and muscle energy metabolism of bullfrog Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana

Effects of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation in all‐plant protein diets were evaluated on growth, antioxidant capacity and muscle energy metabolism of Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana. Six diets were prepared: a basal fish meal diet (FM), an all soybean meal diet (SM) and four GAA‐supplemented diets by adding 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 g GAA/kg to the SM diet (GAA2, GAA4, GAA6 and GAA8 diets). Triplicate groups of bullfrog (45 ± 0.2 g) were fed the diets to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. Total substitution of FM with SM led to significantly (p < .05) reduced growth and feed utilization. Adding 0.4 g GAA/kg to the SM diet significantly improved growth performance, and the values were comparable to those of FM group. SM and GAA2 groups showed drastically lower serum total antioxidant capacity than FM, GAA4 and GAA6 groups. Also, SM and GAA2 groups showed significantly lower catalase activity than FM and GAA8 groups. A remarkable increase in serum malondialdehyde concentration was detected in SM and GAA2 groups. FM and GAA6 groups exhibited significantly higher serum creatinine concentration than other groups. Muscle creatine kinase activity and glycogen content were significantly decreased in SM group and application of 0.4–0.6 g GAA/kg significantly improved their values. GAA4 group showed significantly lower pyruvate kinase activity than FM and GAA6 groups. Also, GAA2 and GAA4 groups had significantly lower succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity than other treatments. These findings show that supplementing 0.4 g/kg GAA to SM‐based diets improves growth, antioxidant capacity and muscle energy metabolism.     

高温和低氧胁迫对两种规格刺参半致死时间及生理机能的影响

通过实验生态学方法,针对2种规格的刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)(大:28.00~36.00 g;小:9.00~13.00 g),测定温度为(25.0±0.5)℃溶解氧(DO)水平为(1.0±0.1)mg/L条件下刺参的半致死时间(LT_(50));比较分析了DO水平分别为(1.0±0.1)mg/L、(3.0±0.1)mg/L及6.5 mg/L(正常DO含量)条件下2种规格刺参的昼夜代谢水平;监测了DO水平分别为(1.0±0.1)mg/L和(3.0±0.1)mg/L时低氧胁迫24 h及复氧72 h期间,2种规格刺参体腔液和呼吸树中的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及体腔液中皮质醇水平的变化,以探究夏季高温期(25.0±0.5)℃低氧胁迫对不同规格刺参半致死时间及生理机能的影响。结果显示:当DO浓度为1 mg/L时,大规格刺参半致死时间(LT_(50))为33.37 h,小规格刺参为28.84 h,2种规格刺参的代谢水平显著低于常氧对照组,夜间代谢强度高于白天,且小规格刺参的代谢强度高于大规格刺参。1 mg/L低氧胁迫期间,大规格刺参体腔液及2种规格刺参呼吸树中上述4种抗氧化指标的变化趋势大致相同,与对照组相比,随着低氧暴露时间的延长,GSH含量下降,SOD和T-AOC活力降低,CAT活力升高;然而胁迫结束时其GSH含量、CAT、SOD和T-AOC活力均与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。解除胁迫复氧72 h后,2种规格刺参体腔液的4种抗氧化指标均恢复到对照组水平;而呼吸树的这4种指标则未完全恢复。3 mg/L低氧胁迫期间,2种规格刺参体腔液和呼吸树的GSH含量、CAT、SOD和T-AOC活力的变化趋势与1 mg/L组大体一致,复氧72 h后体腔液的各项指标恢复到对照组水平;除T-AOC,呼吸树的其余3种指标亦完全恢复。低氧胁迫后小规格刺参的恢复能力高于大规格刺参。在DO为1 mg/L和3 mg/L条件下,胁迫结束时2种规格刺参体腔液中的皮质醇含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),且大规格刺参皮质醇含量高于小规格,复氧后二者均恢复到对照水平。结果表明,低氧胁迫持续时间不超过其半致死时间(本研究以24h为例),刺参可通过自身调节减轻机体的氧化损伤;一旦超出半致死时间,将产生不可逆损伤,最终导致死亡。     

Improvement of flesh quality in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed supranutritional dietary selenium yeast is associated with the inhibited muscle protein degradation

Supranutritional dietary selenium (Se) has been demonstrated beneficial for fish health, however, its effects on fish flesh quality remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of supranutritional dietary Se on the flesh quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their potential mechanism. Fish were fed a basal diet supplemented with or without graded Se yeast for 10 weeks. Results showed that Se supplementation significantly increased fillet crude protein and enhanced fillet water‐holding capacity as well as fillet firmness. Supplementing with both 2 and 4 mg/kg Se significantly downregulated the expressions of two autophagy–lysosome‐related genes (autophagy‐related 12‐like and gamma‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor‐associated protein‐like 1) in fish muscle, while supplementing with 4 mg/kg Se also significantly downregulated the expression of two ubiquitin–proteasome‐related genes (muscle RING finger 2 and F‐box protein 25). Correlation analysis indicated that the improved fillet quality parameters were closely correlated with the expressions of these differentially expressed genes. This study revealed that dietary Se was effective for the improvement of rainbow trout flesh quality, and the improved fish flesh quality was associated with the inhibited protein degradation in fish muscle.     

Preliminary study to evaluate the effects of dietary bile acids on growth performance and lipid metabolism of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed plant ingredient‐based diets

A 9‐week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary bile acids (BAs) on juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) (Oreochromis niloticus) based on the evaluations of growth performance and parameters relevant to lipid metabolism. Each of five vegetable protein‐based diets containing BAs at a level of 0, 0.05, 0.15, 0.45 or 1.35 g/kg diet was fed to three replicates with 40 fish (8.2 g per fish). The results showed that weight gain (WG) increased significantly with the increase in BAs from 0 to 0.15 g/kg diet and then decreased significantly at a higher BA supplementation. Dietary BAs significantly reduced the crude lipid content in the whole body, muscle and liver tissue of GIFT. Fish fed diet with 1.35 g BAs/kg diet developed serious nuclear migration and vacuolization in hepatocytes. Gall bladder appeared to contain white solid and has fragile capsules. Dietary BA supplementation had significant effects on serum biochemical indices and activities of lipid metabolism enzymes in liver and intestine. In conclusion, dietary bile acid supplementation (0.15 g/kg) can facilitate the lipid metabolism and therefore promote the growth of tilapia. However, overdosed dietary BAs induced gallstone development, disrupted lipid metabolism and depressed the growth performances of GIFT.